![]() The incentive system rewards elite sumo wrestlers. Based on the excerpt, which of the following statements best summarizes the incentive system that ranks sumo wrestlers? The incentive system penalizes elite sumo wrestlers. The eighth victory in any tournament is therefore critical, the difference between promotion and demotion it is roughly four times as valuable in the rankings as the typical victory. If it falls far enough, he is booted from the elite rank entirely. If he has a losing record, his ranking falls. If he finishes the tournament with a winning record (eight victories or better), his ranking will rise. Each wrestler has fifteen bouts per tournament, one per day over fifteen consecutive days. A wrestler's ranking is based on his performance in the elite tournaments that are held six times a year. Low-ranked wrestlers must tend to their superiors, preparing their meals and cleaning their quarters and even soaping up their hardest-to-reach body parts. The seventieth-ranked wrestler in Japan, meanwhile, earns only $15,000 a year. Any wrestler in the top forty earns at least $170,000 a year. ![]() A wrestler near the top of this elite pyramid may earn millions and is treated like royalty. The sixty-six highest-ranked wrestlers in Japan, comprising the makuuchi and juryo divisions, make up the sumo elite. Each wrestler maintains a ranking that affects every slice of life how much money he makes, how large an entourage he carries, how much he gets to eat, sleep, and otherwise take advantage of his success. The incentive scheme that rules sumo is intricate and extraordinarily powerful. Read this excerpt from Levitt and Dubner's Freakonomics. show the similarities in Japanese sumo and American wrestling. make a case for the idea that sumo wrestling is rigged. explain in detail the intricacies of sumo wrestling. ![]() Wrestlers on the bubble also do astonishingly well against 9-5 opponents: 7-7 WRESTLER'S PREDICTED WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 9-5 OPPONENT: 47.2 7-7 WRESTLER'S ACTUAL WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 9-5 OPPONENT: 73.4 The authors use the statistics in this excerpt to describe the complexity of sumo scorekeeping. But in actuality, the wrestler on the bubble won almost eight out of ten matches against his 8-6 opponent. This makes sense their records in this tournament indicate that the 8-6 wrestler is slightly better. Let's now consider the following statistic, which represents the hundreds of matches in which a 7-7 wrestler faced an 8-6 wrestler on a tournament's final day: 7-7 WRESTLER'S PREDICTED WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 8-6 OPPONENT: 48.7 7-7 WRESTLER'S ACTUAL WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 8-6 OPPONENT: 79.6 So the 7-7 wrestler, based on past outcomes, was expected to win just less than half the time. ![]() In recent years, the extinction rate for many animal species has significantly increased. The extinction of plant and animal species is problematic in the Philippines and Ecuador. In the coming years, humans will put forth stronger efforts to save plants and animals. What message does the author convey in this excerpt? Humans need to take action to end further destruction of the natural environment. They cannot be balanced by new evolution in any period of time that has meaning for the human race. In the world as a whole, extinction rates are already hundreds or thousands of times higher than before the coming of man. As the last forests are felled in forest strongholds like the Philippines and Ecuador, the decline of species will accelerate even more. I have said that a fifth or more of the species of plants and animals could vanish or be doomed to early extinction by the year 2020 unless better efforts are made to save them. Wilson's "The Environmental Ethic." Species are disappearing at an accelerating rate through human action, primarily habitat destruction but also pollution and the introduction of exotic species into residual natural environments.
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